{"id":55068,"date":"2026-01-16T10:42:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T02:42:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/erf.org.tw\/?p=55010"},"modified":"2026-02-06T02:59:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T18:59:18","slug":"tsmc2nm260116","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/erf.org.tw\/en\/tsmc2nm260116\/","title":{"rendered":"\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u627f\u8afe\u8df3\u7968\uff0c\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u65b0\u7af9\u4e8c\u5948\u7c73\u7522\u80fd\u6050\u5c07\u9762\u81e8\u74f6\u9838 TSMC\u2019s 2nm Ambitions at Risk: How a Failed Water Commitment Could Choke Production Capacity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u65bc\u5b98\u65b9\u7db2\u7ad9\u516c\u544a\uff0c\u4e8c\u5948\u7c73\u88fd\u7a0b\u5df2\u65bc2025\u5e74\u7b2c\u56db\u5b63\u6b63\u5f0f\u9032\u5165\u91cf\u7522\u3002\u9019\u662f\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u9996\u5ea6\u6368\u68c4\u6cbf\u7528 15 \u5e74\u7684 FinFET\uff0c\u8f49\u5411GAA<\/span>\u5948\u7c73\u7247\uff08Nanosheet)<\/b>\u96fb\u6676\u9ad4\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u7522\u696d\u6700\u5c16\u7aef\u7684\u6280\u8853\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002<\/span>
<\/span>
<\/span>\u76f8\u8f03 3 \u5948\u7c73 N3E\uff0c\u6b64\u88fd\u7a0b\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u529f\u8017\u4e0b\u901f\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347 <\/span>10% \u81f3 15%<\/b>\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0b\u529f\u8017\u964d\u4f4e\u9054 <\/span>25% \u81f3 30%<\/b>\u3002\u5176\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u6548\u7387\u8207\u6676\u7247\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u70ba AI \u904b\u7b97\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u80fd\u904b\u7b97\u53ca\u667a\u6167\u578b\u624b\u6a5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9a45\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u978f\u56fa\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u7684\u6280\u8853\u9818\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span>
<\/span>
<\/span>\u7136\u800c\u4e8c\u5948\u7c73\u6280\u8853\u80cc\u5f8c\u96b1\u85cf\u8457\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u6210\u672c\u3002\u7531\u65bc GAA \u5948\u7c73\u7247\u5fae\u7e2e\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5c0e\u5165\u8207\u300c\u6676\u5713\u6e1b\u8584\u5806\u758a\u300d\u88fd\u7a0b\u65e5\u76ca\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u50c5\u6d89\u53ca\u66f4\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684 EUV\uff08\u6975\u7d2b\u5916\u5149\uff09\u66dd\u5149\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6676\u5713\u524a\u5207\u3001\u7814\u78e8\u8207\u7cbe\u5bc6\u6e05\u6d17\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u6bcf\u55ae\u4f4d\u6676\u5713\u7684\u8017\u96fb\u3001\u8017\u6c34\u8207\u5ee2\u68c4\u7269\u7522\u51fa\uff0c\u7686\u8f03\u50b3\u7d71\u6210\u719f\u88fd\u7a0b\u5448\u73fe\u524d\u6240\u672a\u898b\u7684\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u589e\u9577\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u7af9\u79d1\u5bf6\u5c71\u4e8c\u671f\u56db\u5ea7 2 \u5948\u7c73\u5ee0\u7684\u7528\u6c34\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u74b0\u8a55\u4f30\u8a08\u6bcf\u65e5\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u9ad8\u9054 <\/span>9.8 \u842c\u5678<\/b>\uff0c\u55ae\u4e00\u5ee0\u5340\u4fbf\u5360\u65b0\u7af9\u5730\u5340\u7e3d\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u7684 16% \u81f3 18%\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c34\u60c5\u9577\u5e74\u5403\u7dca\u7684\u65b0\u7af9\u5730\u5340\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u8ca0\u8377\u5982\u6b64\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u65b0\u589e\u7528\u6c34\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u59cb\u7d42\u662f\u74b0\u8a55\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\uff0c\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u66fe\u627f\u8afe\u5bf6\u5c71 2 \u5948\u7c73\u88fd\u7a0b\u5c07\u65bc 2030 \u5e74\u9054\u6210\u300c100% \u4f7f\u7528\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0d\u6c11\u751f\u81ea\u4f86\u6c34\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u907a\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300c2030 \u5168\u9762\u4f7f\u7528\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u300d\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u5df2\u65bc 2025 \u5e74 10 \u6708\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u544a\u8df3\u7968\u3002\u539f\u5148\u8a08\u756b\u7531\u7af9\u79d1\u81ea\u5efa\u6bcf\u65e5 3 \u842c\u5678\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\uff0c\u4e26\u642d\u914d\u65b0\u7af9\u7e23\u3001\u5e02\u6bcf\u65e5 6.8 \u842c\u5678\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5171\u540c\u4f9b\u61c9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u65b0\u7af9\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u6c61\u6c34\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\u63a5\u7ba1\u53ca\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u7f6e\u7684\u914d\u5408\u610f\u9858\u4f4e\u843d\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5e02\u653f\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u4f9b\u61c9\u671f\u7a0b\u5ef6\u5b95\uff1b\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5712\u5340\u81ea\u5efa\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\u4e5f\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u9032\u5ea6\u843d\u5f8c\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5982\u671f\u4e0a\u7dda(\u8a3b1)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9762\u5c0d\u627f\u8afe\u8df3\u7968\uff0c\u7af9\u79d1\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u65bc 2025 \u5e74\u88ab\u8feb\u7533\u8acb\u8fa6\u7406\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u5dee\u7570\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u5ef6\u5f8c\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u4f7f\u7528\u671f\u7a0b\u4e26\u53d6\u6d88\u300c\u767e\u5206\u767e\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u4e4b\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u518d\u5ea6\u5f15\u767c\u5916\u754c\u7591\u616e\uff1a\u6c34\u8ab2\u984c\u662f\u5426\u5c07\u6210\u70ba 2 \u5948\u7c73\u7522\u80fd\u7684\u300c\u5929\u82b1\u677f\u300d\uff1f\u53c8\u662f\u5426\u6703\u885d\u64ca\u5927\u65b0\u7af9\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6c11\u751f\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u7528\u6c34\u5b89\u5168\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e\u5340\u57df\u4f9b\u9700\u5e73\u8861\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u7834\u5c40\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4 2 \u5948\u7c73\u5ee0\u5c0d\u81ea\u4f86\u6c34\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u5f9e\u539f\u5148\u9810\u8a08\u7684 7.3 \u842c\u5678\u98c6\u5347\u81f3 <\/span>8.7 \u842c\u5678<\/b>\u3002\u9810\u6e2c\u5728 2028 \u81f3 2029 \u5e74\u7522\u80fd\u5168\u958b\u6642\uff0c\u56e0\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\u5c1a\u672a\u5230\u4f4d\uff0c\u5927\u65b0\u7af9\u5730\u5340\u7684\u4f9b\u6c34\u9918\u88d5\u7387\u5c07\u9762\u81e8\u6975\u9650\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u6700\u52a3\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u50c5\u5b58 <\/span>2.5% \u81f3 2.8%\uff08\u7d04 2.2 \u81f3 2.5 \u842c\u5678\uff09<\/b>\uff0c\u662f\u4f9b\u6c34\u97cc\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6311\u6230(\u8a3b2)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u300c\u5ee2\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u300d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u5c0d\u7522\u80fd\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6839\u64da\u74b0\u8a55\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5bf6\u5c71\u4e8c\u671f\u8a31\u53ef\u7684\u6bcf\u65e5\u5ee2\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u4e0a\u9650\u70ba <\/span>3.88 \u842c\u5678<\/b>\u3002\u539f\u898f\u5283\u662f\u5c07\u6bcf\u65e5\u7522\u751f\u7684 6.88 \u842c\u5678\u5ee2\u6c34\uff0c\u7531\u5712\u5340\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\u53bb\u5316 3 \u842c\u5678\uff0c\u5269\u9918\u90e8\u5206\u624d\u7d93\u6c61\u6c34\u8655\u7406\u5f8c\u6392\u653e\u81f3\u5ba2\u96c5\u6eaa\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\u672a\u80fd\u53ca\u6642\u904b\u8f49\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u82e5\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u6bcf\u65e5\u5ee2\u6c34\u7522\u751f\u91cf\u8d85\u904e\u6392\u653e\u91cf3.88 \u842c\u5678\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u74b0\u8a55\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e4b\u865e(\u8a3b3)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u6b64\u6578\u64da\u56de\u63a8\uff0c\u5728\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u5ee0\u904b\u8f49\u524d\uff0c\u53d7\u9650\u65bc 3.88 \u842c\u5678\u7684\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u9650\u5236\uff0c2 \u5948\u7c73\u5ee0\u7684\u6bcf\u65e5\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u4e0a\u9650\u50c5\u80fd\u7dad\u6301\u5728 5.57 \u842c\u5678\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c<\/span>\u5bf6\u5c71\u4e8c\u5948\u7c73\u7684\u7522\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u7387\u6050\u88ab\u8feb\u58d3\u4f4e\u81f3 56% \u5de6\u53f3<\/b>\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u74b0\u8a55\u6cd5\u898f(\u8a3b4)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96a8\u8457 2 \u5948\u7c73\u88fd\u7a0b\u6b63\u5f0f\u91cf\u7522\uff0c\u9019\u982d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u300c\u54e5\u5409\u62c9\u300d\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u5c07\u9010\u6f38\u6d6e\u73fe\u3002\u91dd\u5c0d\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u5ee2\u6c34\u6392\u653e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u61c9\u52a0\u901f\u5efa\u7f6e\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u91cf\u80fd\uff0c\u53f0\u7a4d\u96fb\u4e5f\u53ef\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u65bc\u518d\u751f\u6c34\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u5b8c\u5584\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e3b\u52d5\u8abf\u7bc0\u7522\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u72a7\u7272\u4e86\u65b0\u7af9\u5730\u5340\u7684\u7528\u6c34\u8207\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a
\u8a31\u535a\u4efb\uff08\u74b0\u5883\u6b0a\u4fdd\u969c\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u526f\u57f7\u884c\u9577\uff09\u3001\u5f6d\u6842\u679d\uff08\u53f0\u7063\u4e7e\u6de8\u6c34\u884c\u52d5\u806f\u76df\u7406\u4e8b\u9577\uff09
<\/span>
\u8a3b1\uff1a \u65b0\u7af9\u79d1\u5b78\u5712\u5340(\u5bf6\u5c71\u7528\u5730)\u7b2c2\u671f\u64f4\u5efa\u8a08\u756b\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u8aaa\u660e\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u5dee\u7570\u5206\u6790\u5831\u544a (\u5b9a\u7a3f\u672c)\uff0c4-3\u9801\u3002
<\/span>\u8a3b2\uff1a\u65b0\u7af9\u79d1\u5b78\u5712\u5340(\u5bf6\u5c71\u7528\u5730)\u7b2c2\u671f\u64f4\u5efa\u8a08\u756b\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u8aaa\u660e\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u5dee\u7570\u5206\u6790\u5831\u544a (\u5b9a\u7a3f\u672c)\uff0c6-4\u9801\uff0c\u88686-2\u3002
\u8a3b3\uff1a\u65b0\u7af9\u79d1\u5b78\u5712\u5340(\u5bf6\u5c71\u7528\u5730)\u7b2c2\u671f\u64f4\u5efa\u8a08\u756b\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u8aaa\u660e\u66f8(\u5b9a\u7a3f\u672c)\uff0c5-3\u9801\uff0c\u88685-1\u3002
\u8a3b4\uff1a\u539f\u74b0\u8a55\u7d50\u8ad6\u6bcf\u65e5\u6700\u5927\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u70ba9.8\u842c\u5678\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u5ee2\u6c34\u7522\u751f\u91cf\u70ba6.88\u842c\u5678\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4f9d\u524d\u8ff0(\u6700\u5927\u5ee2\u6c34\u7522\u751f\u91cf\/\u6700\u5927\u7528\u6c34\u91cf)\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u56de\u63a8\u7576\u6bcf\u65e5\u6700\u5927\u5ee2\u6c34\u7522\u751f\u91cf\u70ba3.88\u842c\u5678\u6642\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u6700\u5927\u7528\u6c34\u91cf\u7d04\u70ba5.57\u842c\u5678\uff0c\u518d\u4ee55.57\u842c\u5678\u5c0d\u6bd4\u539f\u6bcf\u65e5\u6700\u5927\u7528\u6c34\u91cf9.8\u842c\u5678\uff0c\u63a8\u4f30\u7522\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u7387\u7d04\u70ba56%\u3002
<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/span>TSMC\u2019s 2nm Ambitions at Risk: How a Failed Water Commitment Could Choke Production Capacity<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors:<\/b> Hsu, Po-Jen<\/b> (Deputy Executive Director, Environmental Rights Foundation) Peng, Kuei-Chih<\/b> (Chairperson, Taiwan Clean Water Alliance)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TSMC has officially announced on its website that its 2nm process<\/b> entered mass production in the fourth quarter of 2025. This marks a pivotal technological milestone as TSMC transitions from the FinFET architecture, used for the past 15 years, to the cutting-edge <\/span>GAA (Gate-all-around) Nanosheet<\/b> transistor structure.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compared to the 3nm (N3E) process, the 2nm node offers a <\/span>10% to 15% speed improvement<\/b> at the same power consumption, or a <\/span>25% to 30% reduction in power<\/b> at the same speed. Its superior energy efficiency and transistor density provide a robust core engine for AI computing, High-Performance Computing (HPC), and premium smartphones, further consolidating TSMC\u2019s global leadership in semiconductor technology.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, behind the 2nm breakthrough lies a massive environmental cost. Due to the implementation of GAA Nanosheet scaling and the increasing complexity of “wafer thinning and stacking” processes, production now involves more intensive <\/span>EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet)<\/b> lithography exposures and a significant increase in the frequency of wafer dicing, grinding, and precision cleaning. Consequently, the consumption of electricity and water, as well as the generation of waste per unit of wafer, have seen an unprecedented surge compared to mature processes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taking the four 2nm fabs in Baoshan Phase II of the Hsinchu Science Park as an example, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) estimates a daily water requirement of <\/span>98,000 tons<\/b>. This single site accounts for approximately <\/span>16% to 18%<\/b> of the total daily water supply in the Hsinchu area. For a region that has long faced water scarcity, whether it can sustain such a massive increase in demand remained a central controversy throughout the EIA process. In response, TSMC pledged that the Baoshan 2nm process would achieve <\/span>“100% reclaimed water usage” by 2030<\/b> to mitigate the impact on the local domestic water supply.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regrettably, this “100% reclaimed water” commitment was officially declared <\/span>broken<\/b> in October 2025. The original plan relied on a combination of a self-built reclaimed water plant within the Science Park (30,000 tons\/day) and municipal reclaimed water from Hsinchu County and City (68,000 tons\/day). However, due to the Hsinchu County Government’s reluctance to commit to sewage system connections and the construction of reclaimed water centers, the municipal supply timeline has been delayed. Simultaneously, the construction of the Science Park\u2019s own reclaimed water plant has fallen behind schedule[1].<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following this failure to meet commitments, the Hsinchu Science Park Bureau was forced to apply for an Environmental Impact Difference Analysis in 2025, officially postponing the reclaimed water timeline and retracting the “100% usage” pledge. This move has reignited external concerns: Will water issues become the “ceiling” for 2nm production capacity? And will this jeopardize the water security of residents and agriculture in the Greater Hsinchu area?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From a regional supply-demand balance perspective, the collapse of the reclaimed water pledge will cause the 2nm fab\u2019s reliance on the domestic water system to peak at <\/span>87,000 tons per day<\/b>, up from the originally projected 73,000 tons. It is predicted that in 2028-2029, when 2nm capacity is expected to be fully ramped up, the water supply surplus for Greater Hsinchu will face an extreme challenge, dropping to a mere <\/span>2.5% to 2.8% (approx. 22,000\u201325,000 tons\/day)<\/b> in the worst-case scenario\u2014a severe threat to the region’s water resilience[2].<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, <\/span>“wastewater discharge limits”<\/b> may impose a tangible constraint on production. According to the EIA conclusions, the permitted daily wastewater discharge for Baoshan Phase II is capped at <\/span>38,800 tons<\/b>. The original plan was to produce 68,800 tons of wastewater daily, with 30,000 tons being processed into reclaimed water on-site, leaving only the remaining 38,800 tons to be discharged into the Keya River after treatment. Without the reclaimed water plant operational, if TSMC\u2019s daily wastewater generation exceeds the 38,800-ton discharge limit, it risks violating the EIA legal requirements[3].<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on these figures, before the reclaimed water plant is operational, the daily water intake for the 2nm fabs must be capped at approximately <\/span>55,700 tons<\/b> to stay within discharge limits. This implies that the capacity utilization of Baoshan 2nm may be forced down to approximately <\/span>56%<\/b> to remain compliant with environmental regulations[4].<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the 2nm process enters mass production, the environmental impact of this “Godzilla-scale” resource consumer is becoming increasingly apparent. To address the crisis of water scarcity and wastewater discharge, besides accelerating the construction of reclaimed water infrastructure, TSMC should proactively consider adjusting its 2nm capacity utilization before the necessary infrastructure is in place. This is essential to avoid sacrificing the water security and ecological environment of the Hsinchu region.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/span>
<\/span>References:<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n